raphael haefeli | portland, oregon freelance web design and development » CSS Tricks

3 Simple CSS Tips you Should Know

Raphael — Wed, 16 Dec 2009 06:59:37 +0000

1. CSS Short-Hand Code:

When writing your CSS, you may want include many properties that could make your CSS code a bit messy. You can solve this problem by using CSS short-hand code to make your code neat and clean. The most common CSS properties that allow you to use short-hand code are font, margin, padding, background and border. The properties must be put into a specific order for your web browser to read them.

In the examples below you can see how much shorter and simpler your code can get:

Font:

#some-div{
font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Sans-Serif;
font-style: oblique; 
font-weight: bold; 
font-size: 16px; 
}

#some-div{
font: oblique bold 16px Helvetica, Arial, Sans-Serif;
}

Margin/Padding Properties:

This example also shows how to use the short-hand code for margin and the short-hand CSS for padding works the same, just replace margin with padding.

#some-div{
margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 15px;
}

#some-div{
margin: 5px 10px 20px 15px;
}

If your top and bottom have the same margin and the left and right have the same margin you can use the code below. This also works the same for padding.

#some-div{
margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 30px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 30px;
}

#some-div{
margin: 10px 30px;
}

Background Property

#some-div{
background-color: #000;
background-image: url(image.jpg);
background-position: left top;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}

#some-div{
background: #000 url(image.jpg) top left no-repeat;
}

Border Property

#some-div{
border-width: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000;
}

#some-div{
border: 2px solid #000;
}

You can also use this short-hand CSS with border-top, border-right, border-left, and border-bottom.

#some-div{
border-top: 2px; border-right: 5px; border-left: 10px; border-bottom: 3px;
}

#some-div{
border: 2px 5px 10px 3px;
}

2. Multiple classes together in one element

If you want to apply multiple classes to a certain element of your page, you can combine them as shown in the example below. All you need is to separate the classes with a space and voilá. Remember that CSS cascades so if you have the same properties in your second class as your first it will be overwritten by your second.

content here

3. Underscore (_) and asterix (*) to hack multiple browsers

Sometimes coding for multiple browsers can be a pain as your styles can look different in each. A simple but effective solution is to add an asterix (for Internet Explorer 6 and below) or an underscore (for Internet Explorer 7 and above) in front of your property and that fixes your problems. In the example below we can have a margin-bottom property that will work differently for Firefox, Internet Explorer 6 and 7.

#some-div{
margin-top: 25px; *margin-top: 20px; _margin-top: 35px;
}

Firefox will give the element above a top margin of 25px while Internet Explorer 6 will give a 20px margin and Internet Explorer 7 a 35px margin. Pretty cool, huh?

Thanks for ready and please leave some feedback!

CSS Image Preloader

Raphael — Tue, 15 Dec 2009 09:05:45 +0000

In today’s age of high-speed internet, the last thing that users want to do is to wait for a website to load even if it is for a few seconds. One of the “musts” for today’s web design is to create a website that loads quickly enough so users don’t leave your site before the whole page is displayed.

To minimize this problem, many sites are designed to preload images in order to speed up page display. JavaScript is the most common way to preload images but it is not the only option available. An alternative to JavaScript is to use the CSS display: none; property. This technique may be more reliable and it requires less complex code. Easy!

Preloading images using JavaScript is a good technique, however, browsers must be JavaScript-enabled and have JavaScript turned on. Without JavaScript, the images won’t preload.

CSS: Our Best Preloading Friend!

CSS offers us a simple and reliable option. By using display: none;, we tell the browser to request an image from the server, but not to display it on the page. The browser just requests the image from the server and caches it for future use.

Common Uses:

Use in the home page to load images that will be used on the rest of the website
Cache all the hover images in your site for menus, slide shows, etc.

The CSS Code:

This is a very simple technique. All we need to do is to place the img tags at the beginning, right under the opening body tag and insert CSS style directly within the img tag:

...











...

Very Important: The empty alt tag is important because screen readers will simply ignore the image. You MUST insert the empty alt tag otherwise your website will fail the W3C‘s accessibility standards!
A good idea is to insert comments like in the example above just to separate and locate your rollover images

Summary:

That’s it for this technique! Very simple, almost no code and same results as JavaScript.

Replacing Text With Images in CSS

Raphael — Fri, 11 Dec 2009 07:24:42 +0000

Sometimes we want to decorate our site with nice looking text but can’t achieve it by just formatting the text to a different font. Why not? Because not all users have the same fonts installed in their systems.

With CSS we can replace a piece of text with an image containing the graphical presentation of the text. These images will only serve the purpose of decorating the page with a fancier font because they don’t carry any value to the content of the page.

How Can We Achieve That?

There are some CSS techniques in which you set the dimensions of the element to the image’s dimensions and define the image to be the element’s background image. Also, to prevent the text from overlaying the image we have to enclose this text in a span tag and hide it in the CSS using display: none;

There is a problem with this technique: If the image cannot be displayed (broken link, corrupted file, etc) nothing will be visible to the user because the only available text is hidden. This is a no-no in today’s accessibility standards!

There’s a very simple way to replace your text with an image file. We will still use our image and text, but this time we are going to place an empty span tag next to the text that we are going to hide. Then we are going to position that image absolutely, causing the image to overlay the text. Let’s get to it!

The Image:

The CSS Code:


h2{
	margin-bottom: 40px;
        font-size: 14px;
}

h2 #chapter1{
	position: absolute;
	width: 240px;
	height: 46px;
	background: url(chapter_1.jpg) no-repeat;
        display: block;
        margin: 0;
        padding: 0;
}

The XHTML Code:


Chapter 1

Note that I added 40 pixels of bottom margin to the h2 element in order to push the paragraph down causing it to clear the image. You can experience with this value depending on the height of your image.

Summary:

With this technique the text will always display even if the image doesn’t load. Also, screen readers will ignore the image and read the piece of text under it – this helps your site’s accessibility. Lastly, this is search engine friendly! Images have no value to search engines but because you have text below them, search engines can read that text. This is a technique that I use abundantly throughout my site.

You can also use this technique with links and also add different images for a rollover state!

Creating CSS Rollover Buttons

Raphael — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 05:06:15 +0000

There are many different alternatives when it comes to creating rollover buttons for the web with the most popular method being JavaScript. This presents many obstacles: You need to write a script in order to preload the image into the browsers cache, the images will flicker in some browser versions (Internet Explorer in particular due to not being able to cache images) and the most important: using images as text replacement is not search engine friendly.

Now there’s an alternative solution with CSS that eliminates all of these problems!

With this particular technique we will combine the power of images (user friendly and eye candy) and text (search engine friendly) to create a nice looking CSS rollover button with no flickering and preloading necessary.

In this example I used only 2 images for the background, one for the normal state of the button and one for the rollover state:

What we will do is change the background by replacing the image every time the user hovers the link and to make a nice contrast we will also change the color of the text.

The CSS Code:



#nav {
  padding: 0;
  list-style-type: none;
  float: right;
  font-weight: bold;
}

#nav li {
  float: left;
}

#nav a {
  float: left;
  width: 97px;
  height: 60px;
  text-align: center;
  color: #FFFFFF;
  text-decoration: none;
  background: url(image_rested_state.jpg) no-repeat;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  padding-top: 10px;
}

#nav a:hover {
 background: url(image_rollover.jpg) no-repeat;
 color: #000000;
}

The XHTML Code:



	PAGE 1
	PAGE 2
	PAGE 3
	PAGE 4
        PAGE 5

Summary:

This CSS technique allows us to swap images while still keeping text in our link, giving us the advantage of having graphics for human viewers and text for Web Crawlers.